The International Journal of Innovative Insights in the Social and Pure Sciences

Changes in Some Hematological Parameters and Cortisol level among University Students During and after Examinations Stress

Aya Talib Jawad — 2026-08-26

This study investigated the impact of academic stress during examination periods on hematological parameters and cortisol levels among university students. Forty students (17 males, 23 females; mean age 22 years) from the College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Iraq, were assessed at rest and during examinations. Psychological stress was measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), revealing moderate levels of depression and stress, and extremely severe anxiety. Hematological analyses showed significant increases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) during exams (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.0042, respectively), while other parameters (e.g., WBC, platelets, lymphocytes) remained unchanged. Although mean cortisol levels were higher during exams (45.86 ng/mL) compared to rest (40.37 ng/mL), the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.455). The findings suggest that exam stress induces modest hematologic shifts without significant endocrine disruption, highlighting the variability in individual stress responses.

From Genetic Diagnosis to Individualized Care in Monogenic Diabetes: Evidence Gaps in Modern MODY Management

Ali Yasir Hasan — 2026-08-26

Genetic variants affecting pancreatic β-cell function and glucose regulation cause heterogeneous disorders of monozygotic diabetes. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is an important subtype in which molecular prediction can influence medical management without delay. Many of the scientific features of MODY are difficult to discern, especially in late-onset diabetes, while the degree of genotype-directed treatment, continuous glucose monitoring, and management of pregnancy differs between subgroups. This review evaluates the latest evidence on genetic analysis, genotype-directed measures, non-stop glucose monitoring, and pregnancy in MODY, highlighting current clinical trial gaps. A focused search of Scopus for MODY, monogenetic diabetes, genetic diagnosis, treatments, continuous glucose monitoring, and pregnancy, prioritized recent English language studies posted after 2023, related phrases were used. Clinically active MODY subtypes that might not be recognized in other settings may be recognized by molecular diagnostics. While uninterrupted glucose monitoring can support glucose assessment and treatment evaluation, genotype-directed treatment choices have greater evidence than innovative alternatives. Pregnancy calls for extra care because monitoring may be impacted by maternal fetal genetics. Although there are still gaps in diagnosis, treatment selection, follow-up, and pregnancy treatment, molecular diagnostics is becoming more and more crucial for individualized MODY care. To improve precision breeding, genotype-level research is probably required.

Sensory-motor perception and neuromuscular coordination and their relationship to the accuracy of the overhead serve and setting skills in volleyball

Samar Radi Bashara — 2026-08-26

The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the overhead serve, setting, and neuromuscular coordination between these two skills. It also highlights the importance and role of sensory-motor perception and neuromuscular coordination, placing them before specialists to develop training exercises for volleyball players and thus improve their skill performance. The research problem stems from the researcher's observation that most coaches do not pay sufficient attention to sensory-motor perception and neuromuscular coordination when designing their training programs. Their primary focus is on training basic skills and physical attributes, with little attention given to other types of fundamental skills, including the overhead serve and setting in volleyball. Therefore, the researcher decided to undertake this study due to its importance, to understand its causes, and to arrive at results that contribute to addressing it. The research objectives are to identify the nature of sensory-motor perception and neuromuscular coordination among the research sample, as well as to identify the nature of the relationship between perception and the skills of the overhead serve and setting in volleyball. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method and correlational studies, as these are suitable for the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 45 students from Second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Dhi Qar, out of 45 students aged 20-21 from the morning study, 6 students were excluded in order to achieve homogeneity in the research

Synthesis, Characterization, Quantum Chemical Studies, and Biological Activity of an Oxadiazole–Hydrazone Ligand Derived from 3-Ethyl-5-Methylpyridine and Its Metal Complexes

Zina Saleh Hassan — 2026-08-26

A new 1,2,3-oxadiazole-based hydrazone ligand, (Z)-4-(5-(2-((3-ethyl-5-methylpyridin-2-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzene-1,2,3-triol (L), and its Cr(III), Fe(III), and Ni(II) complexes were successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility, and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral data suggested tetrahedral geometries for the Cr(III) and Fe(III) complexes, while the Ni(II) complex exhibited a square-planar geometry. The electronic properties of the ligand were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap (4.60 eV) indicated good molecular stability and moderate chemical reactivity. The antibacterial activity of the ligand and its metal complexes was evaluated against Serratia and Pseudomonas by the agar well diffusion method. The metal complexes showed higher antibacterial activity than the free ligand, with the Cr(III) complex displaying the strongest inhibitory effect. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that coordination with transition metal ions enhances both the electronic properties and the biological activity of the synthesized ligand

Criteria for selecting educational leaders from the perspective of educational supervision: Proposals and solutions

Tahseen Wali Ali — 2026-08-26

This study aims to know the leadership crisis in educational administration from the perspective of educational supervision. The study sample consisted of (498) male and female supervisors. The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool for his study, as it consisted in its final form of (60) paragraphs distributed over five areas: leadership, planning and evaluation (15 paragraphs), human resources organization (13), administrative and financial affairs (12), curriculum and teaching (10), student affairs and school-community relations (10). Its validity and reliability have been verified.

The results of the study showed that the educational supervision perceptions of the leadership crisis in educational administration came at a reasonable level in all areas of the criteria that were addressed, and the areas were arranged as follows: leadership, planning and evaluation, curriculum and teaching, human resources organization, student affairs and school-community relations, administrative and financial affairs. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the leadership crisis in educational administration for the variables: (gender and qualification), and (gender and experience), as they showed the presence of statistically significant differences attributed to the educational qualification variable, and the presence of statistically significant differences attributed to the experience variable.